Natural protein Apolipoprotein A-IV (apoA-IV) Potential Target For Diabetes Therapeutic.

Proposed pathway for control of apolipoprotein (apo) A-IV by intestinal lipid.

Apolipoprotein A-IV was discovered in 1977. It is a glycoprotein synthesized by the human intestine and is the product of the human gene APOA4. It is also known as apoA-IV, apoAIV, or simply apoA4.

Apolipoproteins in general are proteins that bind lipids to form lipoproteins. They transport the lipids through the lymphatic and circulatory systems.

Lipids are oil-soluble substances such as fat and cholesterol used by the body as energy storage, as structural components of cell membranes, and as important signaling molecules.

ApoA-IV plays a potentially important role in lipoprotein metabolism and reverse cholesterol transport.

There are six classes of apolipoproteins altogether. These are:

A (apo A-I, apo A-II, apo A-IV, and apo A-V)
B (apo B48 and apo B100)
C (apo C-I, apo C-II, apo C-III, and apo C-IV)
D
E
H

Diabetes drug target identified

New research from the University of Cincinnati (UC) points to the naturally produced protein apolipoprotein A-IV (apoA-IV) as a potential target for a new diabetes therapeutic.

Patrick Tso, PhD, professor in the UC Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, has published research on the ability of apoA-IV to reduce blood sugar levels and enhance insulin secretion.

The results appear the week of May 21, 2012, in the online early edition of Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

Video: What are Apolipoproteins

ApoA-IV is secreted by the small intestine in response to fat absorption. Previous studies have shown apoA-IV to be elevated in humans following gastric bypass—coinciding with improvement in symptoms for diabetes.

The Tso team found that mice deficient in apoA-IV had impaired glucose tolerance (insulin was not secreted to move glucose from the blood stream). These mice also developed diabetes when continuously fed a high-fat diet. When injected with apoA-IV, these same mice showed improved insulin response to glucose, despite a diet high in fat.

Tso's team also tested the response to injected apoA-IV in diabetic mice and found it reduced glucose levels among that group as well.

Tso says their research shows apoA-IV to behave similar to an incretin—a gastrointestinal hormone causing an increased release of insulin after eating to combat the onset of elevated blood glucose. Two well-known incretins that have been used in the development of existing diabetes medications include gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1).

"The problem with both of these incretins is that they are short-lived—lasting only for minutes—and are quickly inactivated by an enzyme," says Tso. "They have also been linked to hypoglycemia, or low blood sugar, when administered when the body has a low glucose concentration. The challenge is to find something safer with a longer half-life."

Tso says apoA-IV has a long half-life (between seven and eight hours) and that tests in his lab showed it to have no effect on glucose levels when administered at low glucose concentrations. Instead, he says, it seems to function to normalize glucose.

The University of Cincinnati has licensed this research finding to a startup biotech company, Apofore Corporation, formed by HealthCare Ventures of Cambridge, Mass. Apofore will further study apoA-IV in humans in an effort to develop a novel diabetes therapeutic.

Quantum Day

22 May 2012

Natural protein Apolipoprotein A-IV (apoA-IV) Potential Target For Diabetes Therapeutic.