AAAS News: Letter on Resuming Avian Flu Transmission Research

At the start of 2012, the US National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity recommended restricting the publication of results from research on H5N1 avian influenza virus. This was with regards to previous developments on the H5N1 virus leading to a discovery for the generation of the virus to be made transmissible to mammals.

The experiment involved ferrets who acquired the virus, previously almost exclusive only to birds, through respiratory droplets. There was concern that this discovery may lead to the virus affecting humans.

Based on rare cases of humans contracting H5N1, there is a 59% chance of mortality once the disease is contracted. To put this into perspective, the Spanish Flu in 1918 that killed an estimated 50 to 100 million people the world over, only had a mortality rate of just 2%.

The National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity is a panel of the United States Department of Health and Human Services. It was decided by the panel that the research behind H5N1 poses a significant health and security threat. They recommended restricting the publication of results from research on H5N1 avian influenza virus, leading to the generation of viruses that are more transmissible in mammals.

In January 2012, influenza researchers from around the world announced a voluntary pause on any research involving H5N1 influenza viruses which may lead to it being more transmissible in mammals.

H5N1 Controversy One Year Later

Correspondence signed by 40 influenza virus researchers and jointly published in Science and Nature this week announces that the voluntary pause on certain types of H5N1 avian influenza research should end in countries where the aims of this moratorium have been met and authorities have reached decisions about how best to conduct such work safely.

Creating Biological Defense Against Bioterrorism

Bioterrorism is the intentional use of micro-organisms (such as viruses, bacteria, and other germs) to bring about ill effects or death to humans, livestock, or crops. An attack like this requires immediate attention as the spread can continue if left on its own. The terrorist attacks on 9-11 and the subsequent bio-terrorist releases of anthrax have led to an increased awareness of workplaces as possible terrorist targets.

The Center for Disease Control and Preventio (CDC) defines bioterrorism as "...the deliberate release of viruses, bacteria, toxins or other harmful agents used to cause illness or death in people, animals, or plants. These agents are typically found in nature, but it is possible that they could be mutated or altered to increase their ability to cause disease, make them resistant to current medicines, or to increase their ability to be spread into the environment. Biological agents can be spread through the air, water, or in food. Terrorists tend to use biological agents because they are extremely difficult to detect and do not cause illness for several hours to several days. Some bioterrorism agents, like the smallpox virus, can be spread from person to person and some, like anthrax, cannot."

Recently, there was concern regarding the H5N1 Virus after researchers found a way to mutate it to attack humans. The subsequent research and study was kept private to avoid bioterrorists from learning how to replicate the experiment for terrorist purposes.

Defending against chemical acts of terrorism

Researchers may have found a way to protect us against otherwise deadly chemical attacks, such as the subway sarin incident in Tokyo that left thirteen people dead and thousands more injured or with temporary vision problems. The method is based on a new and improved version of a detoxifying enzyme produced naturally by our livers, according to the report in the issue of Chemistry & Biology, a Cell Press publication.

"The sarin attack in Tokyo in 1995 demonstrated that both the raw materials and know-how of producing deadly nerve agents are available to people outside government or military institutions," said Moshe Goldsmith of the Weizmann Institute of Science in Israel. "We hope that our work would provide a prophylactic drug that will effectively protect the medical, police, and other teams that will have to act in a contaminated area following such an attack and would also provide these teams with a drug that could be administered on-site to intoxicated individuals to greatly improve their chances of survival."