Entangled Photon Emitter That Fits in Computer Chip Developed

Researchers at the Università degli Studi di Pavia in Italy has developed a component that can generate a steady stream of entangled photons. This device, called a micro-ring resonator, is tiny enough to fit in a standard silicon computer chip.

Entanglement may be the foundation of a new way to connect and transmit information. Entanglement is the mysterious connection between two particles where they interact with each other physically even when separated; regardless of distance. Einstein was quoted as describing this property as 'spooky action at a distance'.

In theory, even if the two photons are galaxies apart, they still interact with each other.

Current entangled photon emitters are too big to fit in a computer chip. The development of this micro-ring resonator is a step forward to secure communications and faster computers.

The resonators are loops etched onto the silicon chip. They can corral and re-emit particles of light as illustrated in the image above of the silicon ring resonator with its access waveguide. In the image, the green wave at the input represents the laser pump, the red and blue wave-packets at the output represent the generated photon pairs, and the infinity symbol linking the two outputs indicates the entanglement between the pair of photons.

Record 39 Minute Superposition State of Qubit - A Major Breakthrough in Quantum Computer Development

A normally fragile quantum state has been shown to survive at room temperature for a world record 39 minutes by Oxford University researchers. An artistic rendition of a 'bound exciton' quantum state used to prepare and read out information stored in the form of quantum bits.
Credit: © 2013 Stef Simmons with CC BY

Scientists have managed to keep a qubit in a superposition state for 39 minutes. The previous record for maintaining an atom in this state is 2 seconds.

This experiment is a big step forward for quantum computer technology.

Quantum computers are different that current computers (classical computers) in that information is stored in quantum bits (qubits) rather than in binary bits. Classical computers use bits that stores information in either an on or off state. A qubit ,aside from having an on and off state, can be in a superposition state where it can be both 1 and 0 at the same time. Photons, electrons, and atoms have been used in various experiments to serve as qubits.

In this case, the nuclei of a phosphorous atom in silicon was used as a qubit.

This superposition property of qubits is what makes a quantum computer powerful. Calculations and procedures can be done in fewer steps by a quantum computer compared to a classical computer. A calculation that may take 1 million steps for a classical computer to do, can be done in one step for a quantum computer.

Maintaining qubits in a superposition state has been a major obstacle in quantum computer technology. By being able to hold a qubit in this state for 39 minutes is a major breakthrough in the development of practical quantum computers. Long term information storage by qubits can be made possible because of this.

Designing Memory That Can Hold Information Indefinitely For Quantum Computers

Researchers are developing quantum memory that can hold information for long periods of time - a step towards developing practical quantum computers.

Present day computers or classical computers, as they are called, uses bits to store information. A bit is the fundamental unit of information for a classical computer. It can be either On (1) or Off (0). By arranging a series of bits, information or calculations can be carried out by classical computers. This technology is what defines the present day digital age where information is processed in a series of 0s and 1s.

A quantum computer uses a different unit for storing information; a qubit. Qubits are made up of atoms and because of the laws of quantum mechanics, exhibit peculiar behaviors that can be utilized in quantum computing. Instead of storing information in 2 states, qubits can store information in three states; an up state (1), a down state (0), and a superposition state which is both up and down at the same time. This is achieved because of quantum mechanics. Atoms have a spin up stage and a spin down stage that can be interpreted as 1 and 0. But they also can achieve superposition which is both up and down.

In terms of computing power, this means that a quantum computer can theoretically perform a calculation in one step where a classical or digital computer may take several. A classical computer can be programmed to dial a million phone numbers, it will perform this by dialing a phone one million times. A quantum computer can dial the same million numbers all at the same time, in one step.

At the moment there are quantum computers that have been built but because of technological limitations, are as big as a room. And the most a quantum computer have calculated at the moment is finding the factors of the number 15. But given time, just like the massive computers in the early 50s, these will result in smaller, compact computers.

Heat Dissipation at the Atomic Level Studied Through Nanotechnology

Researchers at the University of Michigan are studying the effects of heat at the nanoscale; between atoms. This study will help in understanding how heat behaves in nanoscale systems.

Moore's Law states that the number of transistors on integrated circuits doubles approximately every two years. This equates to computing processing power doubling every two years. For the last 50 years, the trend in computers and electronics adheres to Moore's law but technological evolution is fast approaching to the limit of transistors that can fit into a single silicon chip.

At last count, the current record for most number of transistors put on a chip is 2 billion.

With circuit boards getting smaller and smaller, one factor that scientists and engineers look at is heat. As devices get smaller and smaller, the laws of thermodynamics particularly in heat transfer and heat dissipation gets complicated.

The UM researchers are looking at measuring this process at the nanoscale which is the behavior of heat between individual atoms. This study can help develop devices that are smaller, energy efficient, and faster than those currently available. This is a major hurdle for Moore's Law since technology is now going towards atomic scale nano-electronics.

Because of this, the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors in 2010 adjusted the law and changed the period from every two years to every three years.

Overcoming Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle In Polarization of Light Through The Direct Measurement Technique

Weak measurement: as light goes through a birefringent crystal the horizontally and vertically polarized components of light spread out in space, but an overlap between the two components remains when they emerge. In a “strong” measurement the two components would be fully separated.
Credit: Credit: Jonathan Leach

Researchers have developed a new technique that overcomes Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle in measuring the polarization states of light.

The Uncertainty Principle was developed by a German theoretical physicist, Werner Karl Heisenberg. Known also as Heisenberg's Principle, the Uncertainty Principle states that the position and velocity cannot both be accurately known or measured at the same time. One may know the exact position but not the velocity and vice-versa.

This principle is one of the most famous underlying principle of quantum mechanics. In classical physics, it is easy to determine the exact momentum and position of a passing car at a specific time. But in quantum mechanics, where objects studied are at atomic and sub-atomic sizes, measuring both of these variables accurately at the same time becomes a problem.

This can be observed through the embedded video which shows MIT Professor Walter Lewin demonstrating the uncertainty principle with laser light. In it, he shows that as the position of the photons in the laser becomes more and more accurate, the direction of the laser light becomes wider and wider making it impossible to gauge its direction.

Recently, researchers believe they have a developed a technique that works around this bizarre behavior. This could lead to using light to encode information that can be read by quantum computers.

Quantum Algorithm Performing True Calculation Developed

A team of researchers have demonstrated a working quantum algorithm that performs a true calculation for the first time.

An algorithm is any well defined computational procedures that takes some value or set of values as input and produces some value or set of values as output. A mathematical functions are a kind of algorithm where it performs a procedure to come out with a value based on a problem with a defined set of input value or values.

There are also non-computational algorithms, such as directions to calling a person on the phone. The steps are sequential from picking up the phone, getting the number, dialing the number, etc. etc.

But procedures should cover all possibilities and the subsequent action it must take. Going back to the phone call example, the algorithm should include steps for situations where the phone gets a busy signal or that the phone number cannot be found.

In short, algorithms must take all situations that could arise into consideration.

Classical Computers and Quantum Computers

There are three ways to make a computer work faster. One is to make more computers (using multiple computers for one activity). Another is to make new computers faster. And the third is to make algorithms that lets computer do things faster.

Without an algorithm behind a program or application, computers won't be able to perform as it should.

Applying Magnetism and Microwave To Bismuth Atoms As Qubits For Quantum Computers

Researchers are looking at Bismuth atoms and nuclei as a source for qubits used in a quantum computer. Using magnetism and microwaves, they find that this process may be the next step to practical quantum computers.

Moore's law states that the processing power of a computer will continue to double every eighteen months. For the last 50 years, the law seems to be the norm. But technology is fast approaching the limit to the number of transistors that can fit into a silicon chip.

The current record for most number of transistors put on a chip is 2 billion.

By the year 2030, Moore's law would have brought computers to the atomic level. This would be the time of quantum computers. The speed and computing power of a quantum computer far surpasses that of present day computers (also called classical computers).

Hybrid Quantum Dot-Superconducting Resonator Device Developed For Quantum Computers

A classical computer holds information in bits. It is comparable to a series of switches that can be either off (0) or on (1). In a quantum computer, the fundamental unit is the qubit. A photon or electron is usually used for this. It is similar to a bit, using its spin, it can be in a 'down' spin (0) or an 'up' spin (1), or it can be both at the same time, a superposition state.

This property is unique in quantum mechanics. Because of superposition, a quantum computer can process a problem much faster than a classical computer can. Instead of solving a problem or initiating a process one step at a time like a classical computer, a quantum computer can do it all in one step.

Qubit On A Silicon Based Transistor For Quantum Computing Developed

The next evolution in computers is the quantum computer. With quantum computers, processors within utilize properties of atoms as dictated by quantum mechanics.

Classical computers (computers used today) use bits. Bits can be assigned either a 0 state or a 1 state to create a binary code. Using the 0 or 1 state, calculations are performed, information can be processed, and instructions followed.

Quantum computers use a different kind of bit; the qubit. Atoms generate spin, an up-spin and a down-spin, just like a regular computer bit, the up-spin and down-spin is similar to the 0 or 1 state. What makes the qubit special is that it also has a state called Superposition where the qubit is both up and down at the same time.

It is this superposition that makes quantum computing possible. An example would be an instruction to dial one million numbers. The classical computer would go about this by dialing the numbers one at a time. A quantum computer would dial all numbers in one step.

Technology is still far from constructing a practical quantum computer but each day, new developments are bringing it closer and closer to fruition. Early stage quantum computers the size of a room have already been built.

An often used principle when it comes to quantum computing is Moore's law. Moore's Law states that computer processing power continues to double every 18 months. This means that by the year 2030 or earlier, we will find that the circuits on a microprocessor will approach the atomic scale and quantum computing will be the norm.

Single-atom writer a landmark for quantum computing

A research team led by Australian engineers has created the first working quantum bit based on a single atom in silicon, opening the way to ultra-powerful quantum computers of the future.

In a landmark paper published today in the journal Nature, the team describes how it was able to both read and write information using the spin, or magnetic orientation, of an electron bound to a single phosphorus atom embedded in a silicon chip.

"For the first time, we have demonstrated the ability to represent and manipulate data on the spin to form a quantum bit, or 'qubit', the basic unit of data for a quantum computer," says Scientia Professor Andrew Dzurak. "This really is the key advance towards realising a silicon quantum computer based on single atoms."

Quantum Processor Designed To Factor The Number 15

The device in the photomicrograph was used to run the first solid-state demonstration of Shor's algorithm. It is made up of four phase qubits and five superconducting resonators, for a total of nine engineered quantum elements. The quantum processor measures one-quarter inch square.
Credit: UCSB

Current computers or classical computers, use transistors to compute and process information. The more transistors in a computer chip, the more processing power it has. The record for most number of transistors put on a chip is 2 billion transistors. Unlike classical computers, quantum computer uses atoms for its computing power. To put simply, atoms, the way they behave, makes computing faster.

A Quantum computer can theoretically perform a calculation in one step where a classical or digital computer may take several. A classical computer can be programmed to dial a million phone numbers, it will perform this by dialing a phone one million times. A quantum computer can dial the same million numbers all at the same time, in one step.

A Quantum computer does not use bits to store information. It uses quantum bits or qubits. A qubit is basically an atom that carries the information just like a bit does. But unlike a bit, it just doesn't hold a 1 or 0 state. In an atom, it can have a spin-up stage (1) or a spin-down stage (0). But aside from that, an atom can be in both stages at the same time. This peculiar property of the atom is what everyone is excited about. This enables quantum computers to perform complex calculations and simulations that can not be performed by today’s computers.

UCSB researchers demonstrate that 15=3x5 about half of the time

Computing prime factors may sound like an elementary math problem, but try it with a large number, say one that contains more than 600 digits, and the task becomes enormously challenging and impossibly time-consuming. Now, a group of researchers at UC Santa Barbara has designed and fabricated a quantum processor capable of factoring a composite number — in this case the number 15 — into its constituent prime factors, 3 and 5.

Although modest compared to a 600-digit number, the achievement represents a milestone on the road map to building a quantum computer capable of factoring much larger numbers, with significant implications for cryptography and cybersecurity. The results are published in the advance online issue of the journal Nature Physics.

"Fifteen is a small number, but what's important is we've shown that we can run a version of Peter Shor's prime factoring algorithm on a solid state quantum processor. This is really exciting and has never been done before," said Erik Lucero, the paper's lead author. Now a postdoctoral researcher in experimental quantum computing at IBM, Lucero was a doctoral student in physics at UCSB when the research was conducted and the paper was written.

"What is important is that the concepts used in factoring this small number remain the same when factoring much larger numbers," said Andrew Cleland, a professor of physics at UCSB and a collaborator on the experiment. "We just need to scale up the size of this processor to something much larger. This won't be easy, but the path forward is clear."

Practical applications motivated the research, according to Lucero, who explained that factoring very large numbers is at the heart of cybersecurity protocols, such as the most common form of encoding, known as RSA encryption. "Anytime you send a secure transmission — like your credit card information — you are relying on security that is based on the fact that it's really hard to find the prime factors of large numbers," he said. Using a classical computer and the best-known classical algorithm, factoring something like RSA Laboratory's largest published number — which contains over 600 decimal digits — would take longer than the age of the universe, he continued.

Cheaper, Stable and More Accurate Magnetic Field Sensor Using Organic Spintronics Developed

What is Spintronics?

Spintronics is a new field of science technology which deals in the physics of the spin of an electron and its relation to the generated electronic charge. It is also known as spin electronics and magnetoelectronics.

Most current electronic devices use silicon to rely on the transport of electrical charge of electrons. Physicists are now trying to utilize the intrisinc spin of an electron as well as the charge it generates (or just only the spin) for operating a device; a spintronic device. It is said that spintronics based devices are smaller, cheaper, stable and more accurate than existing conventional devices.

Spin makes a particle behave like a tiny bar magnet that is pointed up or down within an electron or a nucleus. Down can represent 0 and up and represent 1, similar to how in electronics no charge represents 0 and a charge represents 1. Spintronics allows more information, the 0 or 1 charge and the 0 or 1 spin, to be used than electronics which just uses the 0 or 1 charge.

Spintronic devices act according to the following scheme:

1. Information is stored (written) into spins as a particular spin orientation (up or down)
2. The spins, being attached to mobile electrons, carry the information along a wire
3. The information is read at a terminal.

The spin orientation lasts longer than electron momentum (nanoseconds compared to femtoseconds). This makes it optimal for applications such as memory storage and magnetic sensors applications. It has more promising use in quantum computing where electron spin would represent a bit (called qubit) of information

Currently, the read heads of modern computer hard drives utilize spintronics through GMR or Giant Magnetoresistance. Depending on the alignment of the spin in relation to two layers of ferromagnetic materials, the device can detect the resistance generated. This change in resistance (also called magnetoresistance) is used to sense changes in magnetic fields. This is ultimately converted into data the computer can understand.

Spintronic device uses thin-film organic semiconductor

University of Utah physicists developed an inexpensive, highly accurate magnetic field sensor for scientific and possibly consumer uses based on a "spintronic" organic thin-film semiconductor that basically is "plastic paint."

The new kind of magnetic-resonance magnetometer also resists heat and degradation, works at room temperature and never needs to be calibrated, physicists Christoph Boehme, Will Baker and colleagues report online in the Tuesday, June 12 edition of the journal Nature Communications.

The magnetic-sensing thin film is an organic semiconductor polymer named MEH-PPV. Boehme says it really is nothing more than an orange-colored "electrically conducting, magnetic field-sensing plastic paint that is dirt cheap. We measure magnetic fields highly accurately with a drop of plastic paint, which costs just as little as drop of regular paint."

New Advancement in Quantum Computers: Researchers Generate Qubits From Electrons

The computing world is all abuzz about quantum computers and quantum computing.

People are pointing to the inevitability of quantum computers due to Moore's law. The often recited law states that computer processing power continues to double every 18 months. This law has held true for more than 50 years. This means that by the year 2030 or earlier, we will find that the circuits on a microprocessor will approach the atomic scale and quantum computing will be the norm.

Unlike a classical computer (current computers using bits and bytes), a Quantum computer does not use bits to store information. It uses quantum bits or qubits. A qubit is basically an atom that carries the information just like a bit does. But unlike a bit, it just doesn't hold a 1 or 0 state. In an atom, it can have a spin-up stage (1) or a spin-down stage (0). But aside from that, an atom can be in both stages at the same time. This peculiar property of the atom is what everyone is excited about.

In terms of computing power, this means that a quantum computer can theoretically perform a calculation in one step where a classical or digital computer may take several. A classical computer can be programmed to dial a million phone numbers, it will perform this by dialing a phone one million times. A quantum computer can dial the same million numbers all at the same time, in one step.

The alphabet of data processing could include more elements than the "0" and "1" in future. An international research team has achieved a new kind of bit with single electrons, called quantum bits, or qubits. With them, considerably more than two states can be defined. So far, quantum bits have only existed in relatively large vacuum chambers. The team has now generated them in semiconductors. They have put an effect in practice, which the RUB physicist Prof. Dr. Andreas Wieck had already theoretically predicted 22 years ago. This represents another step along the path to quantum computing. Together with colleagues from Grenoble and Tokyo, Wieck from the Chair of Applied Solid State Physics reports on the results in the journal Nature Nanotechnology.

Quantum Computers Offer Secure Cloud Computing

With the advent of cloud computing, scientists and engineers are looking towards integrating this service with the next evolution of computers; Quantum computers.

Basically, cloud computing is a service where all computer applications, data, and software are provided to computers and other devices as a metered service over a network or the internet. This does away with installing it directly to the computer. Everything is stored on a server or cloud for computers to access.

Our present day computers (classical computers) use transistors to compute. The more transistors in a computer chip, the more processing power it has. The record for most number of transistors put on a chip is 2 billion. A quantum computer uses atoms for its computing power. To put simply, atoms, the way they behave, makes computing faster.

A quantum computer can theoretically perform a calculation in one step where a classical or digital computer may take several. A classical computer can be programmed to dial a million phone numbers, it will perform this by dialing a phone one million times. A quantum computer can dial the same million numbers all at the same time, in one step.

Researchers have succeeded in combining the power of quantum computing with the security of quantum cryptography and have shown that perfectly secure cloud computing can be achieved using the principles of quantum mechanics. They have performed an experimental demonstration of quantum computation in which the input, the data processing, and the output remain unknown to the quantum computer. The international team of scientists will publish the results of the experiment, carried out at the Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ) at the University of Vienna and the Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information (IQOQI), in the forthcoming issue of Science.

Multi-purpose Photonic Chip Developed for Quantum Computers

Scientists have developed a reconfigurable quantum photonic chip, control electronics, and optical fibers which send photons into and out of the chip. This is a big step towards the development of the quantum computer.

Scientists and engineers are looking at quantum computers as the next replacement to digital and silicon based computing. Basically, it's the next evolution in computing.

A Quantum computer does not use bits to store information. It uses quantum bits or qubits. A qubit is basically an atom that carries the information just like a bit does. But unlike a bit, it just doesn't hold a 1 or 0 state. In an atom, it can have a spin-up stage (1) or a spin-down stage (0). But aside from that, an atom can be in both stages at the same time. This peculiar property of the atom is what everyone is excited about. This enables quantum computers to perform complex calculations and simulations that can not be performed by today’s computers. (A basic explanation on what a Quantum computer is can be found here.)

Scientists are looking at entanglement as the basic resource in connecting and transmitting information from one atom to the other. Entanglement is the connection between two particles. Basically, when two particles interact physically and are separated, the pair still are able to interact with each other regardless of distance. Einstein famously called this property 'spooky action at a distance'.

Video: What is Quantum Entanglement?

Researchers at Bristol University have recreated this on a tiny silicon chip. The chip can generate, manipulate and measure this phenomenon. They have also used the same chip to measure mixture—an often unwanted effect from the environment, but a phenomenon which can now be controlled and used to characterize quantum circuits, as well as being of fundamental interest to physicists.

"In order to build a quantum computer, we not only need to be able to control complex phenomena such as entanglement and mixture, but we need to be able to do this on a chip, so that we can scalably and practically duplicate many such miniature circuits—in much the same way as the modern computers we have today," says Professor Jeremy O'Brien, Director of the Centre for Quantum Photonics. "Our device enables this and we believe it is a major step forward towards optical quantum computing."

The 70mm by 3mm chip (the black rectangle in center of image) consists of a network of tiny channels which guide, manipulate and interact single photons—particles of light. These photons acts as the qubits for the quantum computer. Using eight reconfigurable electrodes embedded in the circuit, photon pairs can be manipulated and entangled, producing any possible entangled state of two photons or any mixed state of one photon.

"It isn't ideal if your quantum computer can only perform a single specific task", explains Peter Shadbolt, lead author of the study, which is published in the journal Nature Photonics. "We would prefer to have a reconfigurable device which can perform a broad variety of tasks, much like our desktop PCs today—this reconfigurable ability is what we have now demonstrated. This device is approximately ten times more complex than previous experiments using this technology. It's exciting because we can perform many different experiments in a very straightforward way, using a single reconfigurable chip."

The researchers, who have been developing quantum photonic chips for the past six years, are now working on scaling up the complexity of this device, and see this technology as the building block for the quantum computers of the future.

Video: Dr. Dominic Walliman explains Quantum Computers


Dr Terry Rudolph from Imperial College in London, UK, believes this work is a significant advance. He said: "Being able to generate, manipulate and measure entanglement on a chip is an awesome achievement. Not only is it a key step towards the many quantum technologies— such as optical quantum computing—which are going to revolutionize our lives, it gives us much more opportunity to explore and play with some of the very weird quantum phenomena we still struggle to wrap our minds around. They have made it so easy to dial up in seconds an experiment that used to take us months, that I'm wondering if even I can run my own experiment now!"

Quantum Computers: Tomorrows Technology

Quantum computers are the next step in the evolution of computers.

Quantum computers are being studied more by physicists than engineers. Why? Because these computers employ quantum mechanics. This has to do with the way quantum computers are built. But what makes them special?

Our present day computers use transistors to compute. The more transistors in a computer chip, the more processing power it has. The record for most number of transistors put on a chip is 2 billion. A quantum computer uses atoms for its computing power. To put simply, atoms, the way they behave, makes computing faster. To understand how this works, we have to look at how classical computers work.

We are in the digital age. In a way, digital means our information are stored in bits. Bits can store 2 kinds of information simply 0 or 1. Information and calculations are processed in a steady stream of bits of 0s and 1s.

A Quantum computer does not use bits to store information. It uses quantum bits or qubits. A qubit is basically an atom that carries the information just like a bit does. But unlike a bit, it just doesn't hold a 1 or 0 state. In an atom, it can have a spin-up stage (1) or a spin-down stage (0). But aside from that, an atom can be in both stages at the same time. This peculiar property of the atom is what everyone is excited about.

Video: Dr. Dominic Walliman explains Quantum Computers

In terms of computing power, this means that a quantum computer can theoretically perform a calculation in one step where a classical or digital computer may take several. A classical computer can be programmed to dial a million phone numbers, it will perform this by dialing a phone one million times. A quantum computer can dial the same million numbers all at the same time, in one step.

The possibilities of this are staggering. Quantum computers will revolutionize everything. A computer algorithm that may take years to decipher a coded message would take minutes if not seconds. Calculating the value of PI would be so fast that we won't be able to go thru each number in one lifetime. And sadly, even computer hackers would find it easy to infiltrate a system.

Scientists in the field of quantum computing refer to present day computers as Classical Computers.We are still way behind in creating that true quantum computer. We are still at an early stage of quantum technology. The ones we have now are still not practical but what we have now holds promise.

Physicists in University of Wisconsin-Madison studying the possibility of a quantum computer created a quantum computing circuit in 2010. This was a major step in quantum computing technology.

Recently, David Awschalom and colleagues at the University of California, Santa Barbara discovered that silicon carbide can be used for quantum information processing. Prior to this, diamonds were a source of atoms for qubits. This is because, these atoms have electron spin states that can be controlled coherently and manipulated as quantum bits using light. Silicon Carbide, as their study suggests also share this property with diamonds.

Video: Decoherence and Quantum computers


Diamond based qubits have a longer decoherence time that enables it to perform a logical operation. And also, the information can be read out using light which means photons can be utilized in processing the information, a stumbling block on how to pass info to and from the qubit.

It is important that these atoms are stable or "coherent". As atoms, they are sensitive to everything, be it vibration, temperature, or even cosmic rays from the sun. They can be agitated and easily lose its state (or information in this case) which is called "decoherence".

Video: Quantum Computers in much more detail:



Moore's Law states that computer processing power continues to double every 18 months. This means that by the year 2030 or earlier, we will find that the circuits on a microprocessor will approach the atomic scale and quantum computing will be the norm.

We may be seeing the last decade of the Digital Age and now ready to enter the early years of the Quantum Age.

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