Stem Cell Production Through Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer Ushers In Era of Personalized Medicine

The first step during SCNT is enucleation or removal of nuclear genetic material (chromosomal) from a human egg. An egg is positioned with holding pipette (on the left) and egg's chromosomes are visualized under polarized microscope. A hole is made in the egg's shell (zone pellucida) using a laser and a smaller pipette (on the right) is inserted through the opening. The chromosomes then sucked in inside the pipette and slowly removed from the egg.
Credit: Cell, Tachibana et al.

A technique used by scientists have, for the first time, produced human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) that will open up developments in personalized medicine and treatments.

The scientists used a process known as Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT) to produce human embryonic stem cells. Stem cell study is widely known as the next step in medical technology. Stem cells are specialized cells that can transform itself into a higher form of cell, tissue, or organ.

Because of this capability, stem cells can be used to repair damages or "grow" new tissues or organs for replacement. With the discovery of this new process, repairing or replacing damaged cells, tissues, or organs would be safer since these would be genetically identical and avoid rejection.

It also ushers in the age of personalized medicine since the treatments would be sourced from the patients themselves. Human embryonic stem cells are regarded as the top level form of stem cells since they can differentiate into any kind of tissue in the body.

Stem cell research have opened up discoveries such as optic nerve repair, heart tissue replacement, diabetes treatments, and even spinal cord repair.

Creating Human Embryonic Stem Cells Through SCNT

Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is a technique in which the nucleus of a donor cell is transferred to an egg cell whose nucleus has been removed, generating embryos that are almost an identical genetic match to the donor individual. For the first time, a team of scientists has used SCNT to produce human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). This milestone, published by Cell Press May 15th in the journal Cell, opens up new avenues for using stem cells to understand patient-specific causes of disease and for developing personalized therapies.

"Our finding offers new ways of generating stem cells for patients with dysfunctional or damaged tissues and organs," says senior study author Shoukhrat Mitalipov of Oregon Health & Science University. "Such stem cells can regenerate and replace those damaged cells and tissues and alleviate diseases that affect millions of people."

Another technique that has been used to generate patient-specific stem cells to model diseases is called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) cells, which are generated directly from the patient's somatic cells by adding a cocktail of cellular factors to stimulate regression to a stem cell state. However, concerns that this technique may generate unexpected mutations in the stem cells means that researchers are still keen to find ways to generate hESCs by other means.

Video: Beating Heart Cells Through Stem Cell Technology

In the past, researchers have used SCNT to generate only mouse and monkey embryonic stem cells—immature cells that can develop into different types of specialized cells, from neurons to heart muscle cells. Most previous attempts failed to produce human SCNT embryos that could progress beyond the 8-cell stage, falling far short of the 150-cell blastocyst stage that could provide hESCs for clinical purposes. Until now, it was not clear which factors and protocols are important for promoting SCNT embryonic development.

To overcome these hurdles, Mitalipov and his team started in familiar territory, refining methods for producing monkey SCNT embryos. Using these optimized protocols, they transferred nuclei from human skin cells into the cytoplasm of human egg cells, generating blastocysts that gave rise to hESC colonies. The resulting hESCs resembled those derived from fertilized embryos, had no chromosomal abnormalities, showed normal gene activity, and were capable of turning into more specialized cell types that could be used for replacing damaged tissues.

Surprisingly, the best outcomes came from donors who produced a low number of high-quality egg cells. "It was thought that, to make human SCNT work, many thousands of human eggs would be needed," Mitalipov says. "We were able to produce one ESC line using just two human eggs, which would make this approach practical for widespread therapeutic use.

Quantum Day

16 May 2013

Stem Cell Production Through Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer Ushers In Era of Personalized Medicine